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C00004 00004	%AINTRODUCTION
C00008 00005	%ADESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED FACILITY%1
C00013 00006	%APROGRAMS%1
C00017 00007	%ABICENTENNIAL PROGRAM%1
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.BEGIN CENTER
%BDRAFT PROPOSAL
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%1

%5submitted to:%1
	The National Endowment for the Arts and
	The National Science Foundation
%5for:%1
	Joint support for computer research and composition
%5from:%1
	%AThe Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics%1
	Department of Music
	Stanford University
	Professor Albert Cohen, Chairman
	April 25, 1974
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%AINTRODUCTION
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A major American contribution to present and future music exists
in the application of a rapidly developing computer technology to the
art and science of music. The extraordinary results already obtained
have occurred in those few instances where scientists and musicians
have been given the opportunity to bring their respective skills to
bear on problems of common interest in a rich interdisciplinary environment.
It is an example of cooperation, but more, an expression
of the freedom of intellect and invention, where creative minds from
diverse disciplines have joined in a common goal to produce fundamental
knowledge which must be the source for new music, and to produce works
of art which reflect the scientific-technological riches of the present.
With the approach of the Bicentennial and its commemoration of the
past, it seems appropriate that the nation's resources should also be
used to give vitality, permanence, and visibility to this uniquely
American interaction between science and art.
.END
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%APROPOSAL%1
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In order to develop efficient techniques and programs for the simulation
and generation of complex auditory signals through the uncovering
of fundamental knowledge in psychoacoustics and in order to
apply these techniques and knowledge to the composition and performance
of music, we are submitting this proposal for joint support to the
National Science Foundation and to the National Endowment for the Arts.

We are requesting support from NSF over 24 months for research which
is described in the separate proposal, and from NEA, support for permanent
equipment as a one-time cost which will provide long term
service for composition, performance, and research.
.END
%3

	Requested from NSF		$395,405.00	for 24 months
	Requested from NEA		$223,235.00	one-time cost

%1
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A detailed description of the permanent equipment is provided in the Proposed
Facility and Budget sections of the NSF proposal.
.END
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%ADESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED FACILITY%1
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The proposed equipment constitutes a small but powerful computer facility
for the purpose of real-time digital synthesis and signal processing.
In addition, the system is designed to accommodate the UNIX
time-sharing system developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories, which
will support a number of researchers and composers in general computing
activities. The facility will exist as a satellite system to the large
computer at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, an
environment which has proven to be a rich resource in its high level of
technical competence and its interdisciplinary population of users.
.END
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%ASIGNIFICANCE OF THE FACILITY%1
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%5As a Research tool:%1
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Research over the past 15 years, begun at Bell Telephone Laboratories and
extended to a few universities, has shown the computer to be an extremely
powerful device for musical and acoustical research. Based on this past
experience, the proposed facility will maintain those attributes of
generality, flexibility, and precision which have been of utmost importance
in the research performed to date. In addition, its real-time,
interactive capability will allow a kind of research in the
perception of complex signals that is not currently possible.
.END
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%5As a Musical Instrument:%1
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The facility must also be seen as the most flexible of musical instruments.
As with any other instrument, it must be studied in order to be useful,
but once learned, it is an instrument of enormous potential;
it can generate any sound that can be produced by loudspeakers, modify
and transform real sounds entered into the system by means of microphone,
remember and modify articulated musical input, and simulate the
location and movement of sounds in a variety of illusory reverberant
spaces. Equally important, the facility will be capable of serving
a number of composers, providing for each a
direct control over his medium which was never before possible.
.END
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%5As a Prototype for Future Systems:%1
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The next few years will bring yet newer advances in the miniaturization
and increased speed of circuitry. To the extent that we are prepared
through sufficient knowledge and adequate techniques, small computer
systems will be as commonplace as `synthesizers' are in the present.

The research and development of programs and techniques which will
be done at the center, will serve as a prototype and a point of departure
for systems which are developed elsewhere. In addition, the
teaching of composers and dissemination of information will contribute
to the useful application and utilization of the new technology.
.END
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%APROGRAMS%1
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%5Summer workshops%1
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As an addition to the normal teaching and research function during
the academic year, the Center will hold special summer workshops for
musicians and scientists from outside the university. Three such
workshops have been held since 1969, with students attending from
this country and abroad. In a six-week session, the students are
able to learn basic computer programming, fundamentals of acoustics
and psychoacoustics, and produce a composition.
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%5Composers in Residence%1
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A program will be developed where major composers are invited to work
as guests of the Center for an extended period of time. This would
not only aid in the dissemination and utilization of research results,
but would contribute to the general level of artistic activity in the
San Francisco area. Gy%Ep%1rgi Ligeti has already expressed interest in
such a program at Stanford. For American composers, the program could
be coordinated with the support of the NEA.
.END
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%5Publications and Performances%1
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A normal function of the Center, indeed an obligation, will be the
publication of results on a lay level as well as technical. Publications
and tapes for performance could then be made available to
large numbers of communities throughout the nation through the Executive
Directors of the State Arts Councils.
.END
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%5Site Visits and Symposia%1
.BEGIN FILL ADJUST
It is a normal circumstance to have a large number of visitors at the
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Over the past years we
have given demonstrations to groups ranging from school children to
professionals in the field. With a relatively independent satellite
system as proposed, we could significantly expand visits without
causing inconvenience to the main laboratory.

San Francisco is a major national conference center for associations
in both the sciences and humanities. Special symposia could be
coordinated with conferences which have interest in technological
applications, music, or both.
.END
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%ABICENTENNIAL PROGRAM%1
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As a part of the nation's Bicentennial, we propose that the Center at
Stanford, an example of computer based interdisciplinary research
and composition, organize a series of concerts of computer music,
lecture-demonstrations, laboratory visits, and a symposium in the Spring and
Summer of 1976. In this way, the public can share the excitement of
applying its advanced technology to the discovery of new knowledge
regarding sound and perception and to new means for the composition
and performance of music.
.END
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%ABACKGROUND%1
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Stanford was the first to develop a self-contained, interactive system
for direct digital synthesis. Over a period of nine years, we have
developed programs and techniques for the composition of music, the
editing and publication of music manuscripts, the simulation of moving
sound sources using four channels, and the analysis and synthesis
of complex auditory signals, some of which are both simple in
implementation and novel in conception.

We have provided in recent years a growing number of universities
with our programs and special knowledge, including Columbia, Princeton,
Michigan, Caltech, and Dartmouth. At two universities, Colgate and
Carnegie-Mellon, we provided our entire set of synthesis and
composition programs. It should be pointed out that this is a 
natural extension of an original service extended to Stanford by
Bell Telephone Laboratories when we were first beginning our work.
.END